Demoracy and War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demoracy and War - Research Paper Example Toward that path, as guessed by different masterminds, vote based systems may maximally abstain from enjoying war with other individual popularity based nations. Along these lines, this paper concentrating on the hypothetical bases for the speculation with respect to the nonattendance of war between majority rule states, will think about the speculations behind this theory, including how they are reciprocal just as serious. The speculations and hypothetical ideas set forward by different masterminds on the previously mentioned theory of just nations keeping away from wars inside themselves, are comprised under Democratic harmony hypothesis. Likewise, known as liberal vote based hypothesis or basically called as fair harmony, this hypothesis is being investigated by different examination bunches in both in the current political settings just as chronicled settings. The hypothesis and the related theory had birthplaces in the eighteenth century itself, through crafted by Immanuel Kant, yet came into increasingly unmistakable dissemination and were additionally logically assessed after 1960s as it were. Kant foreshadowed the premise of this hypothesis in 1795 in his article named, Perpetual Peace, in which he speculated that if the land regions or nations are protected republics, casted a ballot by average citizens, at that point there are acceptable odds of realizing interminable harmony. Immanuel Kant (1795) contended that â€Å"majority of the individuals could never cast a ballot to do battle except if it was in self protection; that if all countries were republics, it would end war, in light of the fact that there would be no aggressors.† (refered to in Okoth, 2008). This speculation came into more conspicuousness and exploration concentrate in the second 50% of the twentieth century, after the Second World War, as more majority rules systems appeared all through the world. Whenever saw from another point of view, masterminds supporting the popular gov ernment harmony hypothesis express that because of the ascent of numerous vote based systems just significant wars or even Third World War has not occurred. As Barkawi and Laffey (1999) states â€Å"a characterizing highlight of world governmental issues in the late twentieth century is the decrease in the recurrence of fighting between industrialized states†, with the presence of a ‘zone of peace’ between the law based nations being ascribed as the principle reason. This theory is additionally bolstered by various late wars or clashes, as it fundamentally occurred between non-just nations or between one law based nation and a non-law based nation, yet not between two majority rules systems. For instance, both the Wars in the Gulf including Iraq in 1992 and 2003 were between a tyrant system and an alliance of popular governments, and it is the equivalent on account of Afghanistan. Indeed, even the previous wars in Korea and Vietnam included socialist systems. In any case, when one perspectives the point of view of masterminds having opposite assessments to this Democratic hypothesis, there are exemptions to this theory. For instance, the Kargil War that occurred among India and Pakistan in 1999 included popular governments, just as the Israel-Egypt struggle. In spite of the fact that there were special cases, popular governments abstain from doing battle with individual vote based systems because of some substantial reasons. Majority rule governments are principally seen as the best result of wars and other freedom or freedom or obstruction battles. That is, in the outcome of significant wars and battles, nation

Cause and Effect of Jfk free essay sample

Step by step instructions to Change a Tire Sooner or later, your vehicle will get a level. Regardless of what you do everybody gets one. When you get a punctured tire on your vehicle you should transform it, since you can not drive on a punctured tire. It will destroy the tire and furthermore the edge that the tire is on. The are a couple of steps into replacing a tire, simple advances. One of the initial steps to replacing a tire is to drive your vehicle onto safe level ground. Regardless of what you need to do to put your vehicle onto level ground that is protected, do it. Having a twisted edge and a destroyed tire, is route better than having your vehicle crushed in from the back and a possibility of you getting injured. Additionally, you have to check your owner’s manual that ought to be situated in your glove box. We will compose a custom exposition test on Circumstances and logical results of Jfk or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The owner’s manual will disclose to you where your jack, save tire, and tire iron precisely are. When you have found those three things, you can begin to start your excursion on replacing a tire. After you vehicle is on a sheltered bit of level ground with a stone behind the corner to corner tire that is level, you can slacken the fasteners. In the event that your vehicle has a lock nut on it, you should take the fastener key and relax the screw until it falls off. To release the jolts you utilize the tire iron that accompanied your vehicle. After the lock nut is off relax the various screws, however don't extricate them all. Spot the jack in the right recognize that your proprietors manual instructs you to. In the event that you don't have a proprietors manual spot the jack underneath the steel edge of the vehicle. Spot it between the center of the edge and the tire you are evolving. Lift the vehicle to where the heaviness of the vehicle is off the tire and edge, however the tire despite everything contacting the ground. When you have finished those couple of steps you are currently ready to extricate the fasteners off the wheel studs. That will permit you to now expel the tire wheel gathering. With the expulsion of the tire, move it off the side of the vehicle, out of your way. Presently, take your extra tire and spot the gaps in the edge, onto the wheel studs. You are currently ready to finger fix the entirety of the fasteners down onto the wheel studs. Take the tire press and fix the nuts as close as could be expected under the circumstances, going in a star design on the off chance that you have at least five wheel studs. In the event that you have four, start with one, fix it up. The go legitimately inverse of the one you just fixed. Presently, simply go clockwise from that and rehash what you simply did. Since, every one of them are tight going around fixing them as close as could be expected under the circumstances. Once, the entirety of the fasteners are tight you would now be able to bring down the vehicle to the ground. Having the consideration on the ground once more, fix the nuts one final time, simply incase. Since you realize how to effectively replace a punctured tire, if at any point required, you are out and about once more. I save tire doesn't last along time, so when you travel 50 miles on the tire bring it into a tire pro to get it changed. Having the information currently on transforming I tire, makes you life such a great amount of simpler in a terrible situation.

Organizational Behavior Various Large Organizations

Question: Portray about the Organizational Behavior for Various Large Organizations. Answer: In this investigation, we came to think about that Chief administrators of the different huge associations of the New Zealand are confronting basic difficulties in the current market condition. These basic difficulties are identified with the development of the nation through businesses, while actualizing distinctive diverse overseeing aptitudes of the administration of their association. Structure the different difficulties one of the most basic test being looked by the official of an association in New Zealand is the improvement of the administration aptitudes which are liable for the development of an association while performing different works on supporting in the advancement of an association. Accordingly, the serious issue being looked by the administrators of the organizations or the associations is to contend with the different ecological changes inside the market contingent on the innovations being utilized, the executives abilities and backing from the partners, and so on. Every one of these variables are exceptionally essential or we can say are significant for the organization or an association to perform different errands or tasks identified with the working of that association (Neweconomics Team, 2016). A precise methodology is required by the administration of the organization to perform different assignments skilfully. Hence, to contend with these quick changes a procedure must be trailed by the official of the organization with the help of the companys the board. This examination educates us regarding the assessments of the CEOs of different associations identified with private division, open area and notforprofit part, and so forth in the New Zealand. The GFC (worldwide monetary emergency) of the New Zealand has encountered lower financial development rates in the year 2008-09. In any case, then again New Zealand has countless open doors which enables the nation in its development to process like the nation alluring the travel industry segment, essential businesses inside the nation and a lot increasingly high worth assembling and administrations, and so on one of the serious issue being looked by every single division of the organization is that the individuals of the nation are consistently emigrating for a superior vocation and a superior way of life (Slenders, 2015). There are numerous different issues liable for diminishing the monetary development of the nation. As indicated by this investigation, we came to realize that New Zealand co mprises of a little economy. Identified with the efficient variables of the nation, it has an enormous number of qualities and shortcomings which are liable for the development of the nation and the individuals living in the nation. As indicated by the exploration in the division of fortune worldwide 500 there is no New Zealands organization present in this specific area, though the nations like Australia having a rough populace of 23 million and the Singapore with a surmised populace of 5.5 million has a few organizations in the segment of worldwide fortune 500. Another shortcoming of the New Zealand is that this nation is for the most part comprised of a normal of little and medium estimated undertakings. There are numerous branches accessible of different global organizations in the New Zealand (Treasury Govt., 2016). As per my view point while thinking about this examination, I can say that, regardless of whether there are numerous parts of the enormous firms or global organizations are available in the New Zealand, yet the individuals working in these associations or organizations are little in number when contrasted with different nations. Different assembling organizations like organizations which are producing semiconductors, autos, aviation, and so forth are having an exceptionally little nearness or we can say which is nearer to no nearness in the New Zealand which is additionally the primary driver of the development decrement of the nation. Individuals keen on these fields or the individuals the individuals who need to make their vocation in these sorts of assembling organizations can't do as such because of absence of these kinds of organizations or makers in the nation. This is additionally one of the fundamental reasons answerable for making individuals move to different nations. These are a portion of the serious issues or factors liable for coming up short on the nation behind on the planets economy (HRINZ , 2015). Then again, we can say the associations present in the nation have a few points of interest which help in giving more prominent occupation independence to a person. As per a study conveyed in the year 2012, about sixty thousand individuals relocated to Australia from the New Zealand. As indicated by the data gave by the movement division there are roughly seven Lac New Zealands individuals are living in Australia because of less improvement components of the nation. An enormous number of individuals the individuals who are moving from New Zealand to some different nations because of a primary explanation identified with their self-improvement in their activity just as in their ways of life. Because of these reasons the nation is consistently confronting a decline in the quantity of instructed workforce. Because of less number of instructed workforces , it is hard for the organizations to work and to deal with the total working of the organization (QuinStreet Inc, 2016). As indicated by the announcements gave by the profitability commission of the nation, the efficiency of the organizations present in the nation is diminishing step by step, which brings about a general abatement in the profitability of the nation. As indicated by the New Zealand efficiency report 2013, the nation was perhaps the wealthiest nation in 1950, however now at present the nation has the least development rates when contrasted with different nations in the creating scene. New Zealand has lower compensation because of less efficiency development in the nation, which prompts decline the general business of the nation. There is an immense profitability hole just as the salary hole between the New Zealand and the other creating nations because of absence of gifted administration in the organizations and some other association working in New Zealand (Helmrich, 2016). Time to time data gave by the different monetary research establishments demonstrates that there is absence of exe cution of the organizations or enterprises working in the nation. The exploration is additionally giving different references which give us that around 70% of profitability hole is available while contrasting the efficiency of New Zealand and the efficiency of the Australia. The profitability part is legitimately identified with the administrative assets which are less in number in the nation. New Zealand producers would pick up benefits just when they center around the improvement of administrative assets of the nation. The nation is confronting numerous monetary impacts other than the globalization and mechanical elements. The information gathered from the three unique parts, for example the private part, open segment and not-revenue driven segments are totally unique relying on the division to which an association has a place. As indicated by the CEOs of the organizations there are a few dangers present because of fast change in the market, innovation being utilized and, utilized assets and the prerequisites of the client. CEOs of the organizations are confronting numerous issues in developing their business in the current condition of the serious market. As per the different reviews done the officials are confronting a deficiency in the gifted administration. It is difficult for an association to contend in the market by simply giving higher wages to the representatives. Backing of the partners is fundamental for the administrators of the organization, which can give them different offices in making different activities. For rolling out different improvements in an association the administrators of t he organization should make great relations with the financers the individuals who can without much of a stretch fund their organizations. They ought to give great wages to the workers (Morgan, 2014). The organization should need to concentrate on the most recent methods being utilized in the market and it is the obligation of the administration of the organization to give essential assets to the representatives, with the goal that they can without much of a stretch play out their undertakings. The officials of the organizations should utilize a proper methodology which can give different points of interest to the organization. The executives ought to give time to time trainings to the representatives of the organization, with the goal that a worker can without much of a stretch work under new conditions effectively by utilizing most recent assets gave to them by the organization for the achievement of different undertakings. On the off chance that the CEOs of the organizations will roll out important improvements as indicated by the necessity of the market and the clients, at that point they can without much of a stretch contend with different organizations working in the nation without any problem. Furthermore, by the utilization of these most recent innovations and the assets the development of the organization rises, which further outcomes in the advancement of the nation just as the profitability of the nation. This gives a superior and secure future for the individuals of the nation. References Helmrich, B., 2016. 10 Challenges CEOs Will Face in 2016. 10 Challenges CEOs Will Face in 2016, 14 March. HRINZ , 2015. HR Management in New Zealand. [Online] Available at: https://www.hrinz.org.nz/Site/Resources/hrm_in_nz.aspx Morgan, R., 2014. New Zealands most concerning issues are Economic Issues (41%) while the Worlds most significant issues are War Terrorism (35%) only three weeks before NZ Election. New Zealands most concerning issues are Economic Issues (41%) while the Worlds most significant issues are War Terrorism (35%) only three weeks before NZ Election, 29 August. Neweconomics Team, 2016. New Zealands Challenges. New Zealands Challenges, Available at: https://neweconomics.net.nz/index.php/new-zealands-challenges/ QuinStreet Inc, 2016. The Top Nine Challenges of Growing a Business and How to Tackle Them. The Top Nine Challenges of Growing a Business and How to Tackle Them. Slenders, W., 2015. Authoritative Growth Challenges. Authoritative Growth Challenges, Available a

Principles of Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Standards of Healthcare - Essay Example Fair access to medicinal services is a significant wellbeing parameter. The administration and the medicinal services area have been putting forth earnest attempts to convey quality human services to all financial gatherings. In any case, there is no legitimate meaning of this idea. Regularly, the standards of morals and widespread access are aggregately used to characterize it as the arrangement of equivalent treatment to patients with a similar clinical prerequisite, paying little mind to every single other factor including root, ethnicity and salary levels. Ashcroft (2007) terms this as the ‘horizontal equity’ in the medicinal services framework. Albeit all inclusive and impartial access to medicinal services is purported broadly, patients frequently face various snags in profiting by this approach. Goldsmith (2011) noticed that the best way to beat these hindrances if by rising above past the presumptions made under widespread access and inclusion. He further propose s that these hindrances result because of wasteful aspects in the gracefully chain inside the social insurance framework. For example, there are wide varieties in the degrees of protection inclusion, cost sharing, land restrictions and the most extreme usage limit of emergency clinics and centers. The essential target of network investment is to guarantee the inclusion of everybody during the time spent conveying widespread medicinal services (Pointer, 2009). Regularly, this is accomplished through the advancement of open help for important approaches and programs and furthermore through consistence with the relevant enactment. A few governments around the globe have started human services projects to draw in the dynamic investment of the individuals and improve straightforwardness over the entire framework. In any case, there are issues in strategy definition and the operational techniques that are utilized to encourage such association.

Art History Essay Example for Free

Workmanship History Essay 1. How does Ernst Gombrich characterize style and by what means may we comprehend the connection between an object’s style and the time and spot in which it was made? Ernst Gombrich characterizes style as â€Å"any unmistakable, and accordingly conspicuous, manner by which a demonstration is performed or a curio made or should be performed and made.† He likewise depicts style as recognized occasion or pieces that has â€Å"desirable consistency and conspicuousness† and â€Å"stands out from a mass of ‘undistinguished’ occasions or objects†. Corresponding to time and spot in which style was made, â€Å"The examination of complex customs as far as the methods impossible to miss to singular expressions cuts over another methodology, which is less inspired by longitudinal investigation of development than in the synchronic portrayal of all exercises of a specific gathering, country, or period.† 2. In light of the readings, what is the connection among style and structure? Style is watching and seeing unmistakable highlights in an article; structure is in speaking to the occasion, depicts the thought, wherein style and structure meet up to make pictorial portrayal. 3. Jacques-Louis David is regularly portrayed as the pioneer of the Neoclassical school of painting and Oath of the Horatii is as often as possible depicted as the quintessential Neoclassical artistic creation. Recognize five components of David’s painting that may be depicted as Neoclassical. 1. â€Å"Neoclassic specialists and pundits tried to restore the perfect of old style Greece and Rome.† The drapery and garments worn by the figures in the drawing speak to the traditional Greek time, just as; the segments out of sight show an incredible portrayal of old style engineering. 4. The cruel, inclining light gives the figures their alleviation, and their differentiating characters are passed on utilizing various structures. The figures are isolated by enormous void spaces in a phase like zone indicated head-on. The applied shade and shadow differentiated to the lighting accentuation upgraded the impression of profundity. 5. â€Å"There is a feeling of request, rationale, and clearness in the topic and substance, concepts†, for example, committing it to a ruler. Additionally there is a feeling of dignity, suitability, and profound quality was underscored. The work of art isn’t styled with lively topic, or marvelous legendary, Greek god-like figures and brilliant hues, however specialized methodology by the craftsman. 6. Using conceal and applied shadows to speaking to three dimensional space on a two dimensional canvas. The 1-point viewpoint of the room was convincingly regular; the human figures were proportional and anatomically exact. 7. The arrival to the Roman artifact was the essential wellspring of motivation, which prompted a time of resurgence in elegance and traditional information. It was additionally a time of illumination and discerning reasoning. This whole picture was a consequence of a creative mind, drawn up with persuading authenticity to fill in as a representation to persuade the watchers at their first look. 8. Clarify the noteworthiness of type and story in the grouping of David’s Oath as Neoclassical. This picture is ordered in the class of history painting. This work of art depended on the legend about the establishing of Rome. David recounts to the account of three siblings that commit to a pledge of faithfulness to their dad swearing shield their city ‘til demise. . Most Neo-Classical artistic creations take their subjects from Ancient Greek and Roman history. In this composition, the Horatii siblings are making a solemn vow on their blades, which their dad presents to them to battle until they bite the dust for their nation. David makes the perfect picture to speak to â€Å"greater reality and good commitment,† which are the essential standards of Neo-Classicism. David accomplishes what most neoclassical specialists and pundits make progress toward in their craft by resuscitating the possibility of old style Greece and Rome.

Having a Chronic Disease or Condition

Having a Chronic Disease or Condition Depression Types Print Having a Chronic Disease or Condition By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 15, 2020 BSP / UIG / Getty Images More in Depression Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Childhood Depression Suicide The word chronic is used in medicine to refer to any disease or condition that persists over time or is frequently recurring. The term chronic is often used in contrast to the word acute, which refers to a disease or condition that comes on rapidly. An acute illness usually starts and becomes a problem, sometimes a serious problem, very quickly. An example of an acute illness is a heart attack. A person may be fine one moment, but having a life-threatening medical emergency mere minutes later, requiring emergency medical attention. While they may seem less scary than acute ones, chronic diseases are a greater burden on patients and the U.S. healthcare system. As treatments improve for acute illnesses, they are resolved successfully more often, while chronic conditions require years of medical management. In the United States, 42% of adults suffer from at least two chronic conditions.?? For example, consider an overweight person who has both diabetes and heart disease. Chronic Diseases and Conditions According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic diseases and conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and arthritis are among the most common, costly, and preventable of all health problems.?? Many of the most common chronic conditions in the U.S. are the result of behaviors such as poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle.?? Unhealthy lifestyle choices contribute to years of chronic disease management and often also increased mortality as well as the dramatic rise in healthcare spending in the U.S. over the past few decades. These observations explain why an increasing focus on disease prevention has developed in recent years through tobacco cessation, improved nutrition, and increased physical activity. The following is a list of some other common chronic diseases and conditions: ALS (Lou Gehrigs Disease)Alzheimers disease  and dementiaArthritisAsthmaCancerChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)Cystic fibrosisDiabetesEating disordersHeart diseaseObesityOral healthOsteoporosisReflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) syndrome Chronic Depression Chronic illness isnt limited to physical health conditions. Mental health disorders may also be considered chronic. Dysthymia  (now known as persistent depressive disorder or PDD) is a type of chronic depression in which a person may have symptoms that are less severe than major depressive disorder (MDD) but that linger for at least two years (or one year in children and adolescents).?? Although PDD is less severe than  major depression, its long-lasting nature can make it difficult for an affected person to function in their daily life. It may also put the person at an increased risk of  suicide. About half of those with PDD will have an episode of major depression at some point in their lives. When an episode of major depression is layered on top of PDD, this is referred to as double depression. Treatment for chronic depression usually includes  antidepressant medication  and/or  psychotherapy.?? Treatment Unlike treating an acute illness, treatment for a chronic condition often involves multiple approaches to alleviate the physical symptoms as well as manage the mental toll.?? In fact, depression is a common complication of chronic illness. Treatment can include medication (over-the-counter and prescription), lifestyle changes, complementary medicine, and therapy. Lifestyle Changes Making  lifestyle changes, for example,  can make a huge difference in how you feel each day, as well as the extent and severity of your illness and symptoms.?? Changes can be as drastic as changing jobs to better accommodate your illness or as simple as pacing activities so you can push through on good days and rest on bad days. Some other lifestyle changes to consider: Journaling: Writing down your symptoms (both physical and mental) can help you track your illness so you can better prepare for the ups and downs. Journaling is also a great way to get a handle on emotions that may be interfering with feeling your best.Diet and exercise: Of course, what you eat and how much you exercise will depend on the type of chronic illness youre coping with. That said, working with your healthcare team to create a quality diet and consistent exercise plan can help your body and mind function at its best.Sleep: A good nights rest is crucial for managing pain, depression, stress, and more. If you begin having trouble sleeping, the worry and stress of living with a chronic illness may be to blame. Try writing down your worries before bed, creating a relaxing nighttime ritual (like a warm bath or meditation), and be mindful of proper sleep hygiene (which should include keeping your bedroom cool and electronic-free and avoiding alcohol, caffeine, and heavy exercise too close to shut-eye).Breathing and mindfulness: Paying attention to something as simple as your breath (inhaling and exhaling deeply) can be a go-to technique for staying in the moment and keeping yourself calm when you get overwhelmed by your illness. This is one example of mindfulness, or the practice of observing your thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations in a non-judgmental way, which can be done anytime, anywhere. Medical Marijuana Marijuana  is increasingly being prescribed to treat a variety of chronic illnesses.?? In fact, advocates cite dozens of symptoms ranging from pain to depression to panic attacks that can be treated and managed with medical marijuana. Research is mostly anecdotal in nature, however, so your best bet is to talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of using medical marijuana for your specific condition. Pros and Cons of Medical Marijuana Antidepressants/Anti-Anxiety Medication Many people with chronic illness become clinically depressed or live with co-occurring anxiety as a result  of the symptoms and lifestyle changes that come with chronic illness.?? In most cases, the disease itself does not cause these mental health issues. In these cases, treatment may include a prescription antidepressant or anti-anxiety medication like Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Ativan (lorazepam). Psychotherapy Many people find therapy helpful in addressing how health-imposed changes to your life impact you mentally and physically. Therapy may include individual, group, couples, or family therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), for example, can help address both psychological and physiological conditions.?? CBT can help you to change any thoughts, actions, or behaviors  that may be worsening your symptoms. Other types of therapy for chronic illness may include behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy. Alternative Therapies Many people with chronic illness turn to alternative and holistic therapies along with their conventional treatment to help better manage their daily symptoms and improve their overall physical and mental functioning. Again, what works for you will depend on your specific illness and symptoms, so its best to consult your medical provider about whats safe to try. Some common alternative therapies include: AcupunctureGuided imageryHerbal remediesHypnotherapy and biofeedbackMassage, reiki, and other bodyworkMeditationReflexologyYogaQigong Alternative vs. Complementary Medicine Coping Coping with a chronic illness means coping with the physical and mental effects. You may be dealing with invisible symptoms like pain, fatigue, depression, and stress. Plus, your illness may be impacting your home, work, social, and financial life, which can cause added anxiety and uncertainty about what lies ahead. The following are some tips to cope with a chronic illness. Manage Stress If left unmanaged, stress can make it even harder to deal with the day-to-day living of a chronic illness.?? Learning to recognize the signs is a great first step in managing your stress. Some common ones: AnxietyBody achesFatigueHeadachesIrritabilityLoss of interest in activities you once enjoyedRelationship issuesSadnessSleep disturbancesTrouble concentrating 17 Highly Effective Stress Relievers Seek Counseling If youre experiencing the effects of stress, depression, or anxiety, consider talking to a mental health professional who has training in coping with chronic illness. Ask your physician for a referral. Individual or group therapy can help you sort through the frustration, anxiety, and other emotions you may be experiencing. By sharing your personal experiences, you can begin to regain control and better cope with the impact chronic illness is having on your daily life. How to Find the Best Therapist for Your Mental Health Find Support Perhaps the most valuable part of a support group (in-person or online) is talking to others who feel just like you. A support group is a great place to vent frustrations, share ideas, and swap coping strategies. Just knowing that you’re not alone can give you the motivation to stay positive and stay the course.   For Caregivers Chronic illness can impact the entire family, especially if you’re the sole caregiver.?? Taking time out to care for yourself isn’t selfish; its a priority and perhaps the best thing you can do for you loved one. After all, if you’re not physically and mentally healthy and strong, you won’t have the energy to give your all. Keep learning: Do your best to stay informed about your loved ones condition, including symptoms and treatment side effects. This will help you know what to expect. Ask your doctor for some recommendations of reliable resources for information and support.  Prioritize self-care: This includes getting enough sleep, eating a quality diet, exercising, making time for hobbies, finding alone time, and practicing relaxation strategies. If you’re having a hard time managing stress and feel fatigued and burnt out, don’t be afraid to seek help from a mental health professional.  Stay connected: Whether you find a local or online support group or just set a weekly date with a trusted friend, staying socially connected can help you feel less isolated and give you a much-deserved break from your role as caregiver.

How to Use Units Digits to Avoid Doing Painful Calculations on the GMAT

During the first session of each new class I teach, we do a quick primer on the utility of units digits. Imagine I want to solve 130,467 * 367,569. Without a calculator, we are surely entering a world of hurt. But we can see almost instantaneously what the units digit of this product would be. The units digit of 130,467 * 367,569 would be the same as the units digit of 7*9, as only the units digits of the larger numbers are relevant in such a calculation. 7*9 = 63, so the units digit of 130,467 * 367,569 is 3. This is one of those concepts that is so simple and elegant that it seems too good to be true. And yet, this simple, elegant rule comes into play on the GMAT with surprising frequency. Take this question for example: If n is a positive integer, how many of the ten digits from 0 through 9 could be the units digit of n^3? A) three B) four C) six D) nine E) ten Surely, you think, the solution to this question can’t be as simple as cubing the easiest possible numbers to see how many different units digits result. And yet that’s exactly what we’d do here. 1^3 = 1 2^3 = 8 3^3 = 27 à   units 7 4^3 = 64 à   units 4 5^3 = ends in 5 (Fun fact: 5 raised to any positive integer will end in 5.) 6^3 = ends in 6 (Fun fact: 6 raised to any positive integer will end in 6.) 7^3 = ends in 3 (Well 7*7 = 49. 49*7 isn’t that hard to calculate, but only the units digit matters, and 9*7 is 63, so 7^3 will end in 3.) 8^3 = ends in 2 (Well, 8*8 = 64, and 4*8 = 32, so 8^3 will end in 2.) 9^3 = ends in 9 (9*9 = 81 and 1 * 9 = 9, so 9^3 will end in 9.) 10^3 = ends in 0 Amazingly, when I cube all the integers from 1 to 10 inclusive, I get 10 different units digits. Pretty neat. The answer is E. Of course, this question specifically invoked the term â€Å"units digit.† What are the odds of that happening? Maybe not terribly high, but any time there’s a painful calculation, you’d want to consider thinking about the units digits. Take this question, for example: A certain stock exchange designates each stock with a one, two or three letter code, where each letter is selected from the 26 letters of the alphabet. If the letters may be replaced and if the same letters used in a different order constitute a different code, how many different stocks is it possible to uniquely designate with these codes?   A) 2,951 B) 8,125 C) 15,600 D) 16,302 E) 18,278   Conceptually, this one doesn’t seem that bad. If I wanted to make a one-letter code, there’d be 26 ways I could do so. If I wanted to make a two-letter code, there’d be 26*26 or 26^2 ways I could do so. If I wanted to make a three-letter code, there’d be 26*26*26, or 26^3 ways I could so. So the total number of codes I could make, given the conditions of the problem, would be 26 + 26^2 + 26^3. Hopefully, at this point, you notice two things. First, this arithmetic will be deeply unpleasant to do.   Second, all of the answer choices have different units digits! Now remember that 6 raised to any positive integer will always end in 6. So the units digit of 26 is 6, and the units digit of 26^2 is 6 and the units digit of 26^3 is also 6. Therefore, the units digit of 26 + 26^2 + 26^3 will be the same as the units digit of 6 + 6 + 6. Because 6 + 6 + 6 = 18, our answer will end in an 8. The only possibility here is E. Pretty nifty. Takeaway: Painful arithmetic can always be avoided on the GMAT. When calculating large numbers, note that we can quickly find the units digit with minimal effort. If all the answer choices have different units digits, the question writer is blatantly telegraphing how to approach this problem. Plan on taking the GMAT soon? We have  GMAT prep courses  starting all the time. And be sure to follow us on  Facebook,  YouTube,  Google+  and  Twitter! By  David Goldstein,  a Veritas Prep GMAT instructor based in  Boston. You can find more articles written by him  here.

The War On Drugs Essay - 578 Words

The â€Å"War on Drugs† is the name given to the battle of prohibition that the United States has been fighting for over forty years. And it has been America’s longest war. The â€Å"war† was officially declared by President Richard Nixon in the 1970’s due to the abuse of illegitimate drugs. Nixon claimed it as â€Å"public enemy number one† and enacted laws to fight the importation of narcotics. The United States’ War on Drugs began in response to cocaine trafficking in the late 1980’s. As the war continues to go on, winning it hardly seems feasible. As stated by NewsHour, the National Office of Drug Control Policy spends approximately nineteen billion dollars a year trying to stop the drug trade. The expenses shoot up, indirectly, through crime,†¦show more content†¦An eighth grader has the ability to obtain heroin or cocaine as effortless as he or she could marijuana. The scary thing is that drugs are so much stronger, pure r, and more deadly than they were decades ago. Can you even imagine children using them and the way they are harming their bodies? As far as school and their education, what child will learn if they come to school high or intoxicated? Or if they even go to school for that matter. The programs that the schools have provided, such as D.A.R.E., have proved themselves to be ineffective. There are just as many kids, and that is exactly what they are, using drugs that have taken the program than the kids that had not participated. It seems that the more the government tried to educate against drug, the more negative attitudes arose against the police and law enforcement. And with that escalates the positive attitudes towards using drugs and alcohol, as well as a rise in criminal behavior. As a result in the drug war, education becomes limited to those who actually care to learn. The drug war has dramatically affected the number of imprisoned Americans, as well as its prisons. According to DrugSense.Org, 1,576,339 people have been arrested for drug law offenses this year alone. And out of those, 9,261 have been incarcerated. As for marijuana offenses, 747,183 people have been detained. In fact, most of the non-violent offenders sitting in state, local and federal prisonsShow MoreRelatedThe Drug War On Drugs1378 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-violent drug charges. These people’s lives are now forever changed because of a mistake they made. This mistake is continually made every single day and Americans are being punished in extreme ways for a non violent crime. The United States needs to decimalize all drugs because the drug war is costly, causes high incarceration rates, and isn’t effective as European drug solutions. In the 20th century, the United States government led a major renewed surge in drug prohibition called the War on DrugsRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesThe war on drugs have been a critical issue that has repeatedly held a great debate topic. It was in the 1906 when the first act against drug was put into effect with the Pure Food and Drug Act which required all over-the-counter medication to have label of its ingredients. Under President Nixon the first executive branch office to coordinate drug policy was formed and the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was put into place. Two years following that the Drug Enforcement AgencyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe War on Drugs Despite an estimated $1 trillion spent by the United States on the â€Å"War on Drugs†, statistics from the US Department of Justice (2010) has confirmed that the usage of drugs has not changed over the past 10 years. Approximately $350 billion is spent per year on the â€Å"war on drugs†, only $7 billion is spent on prevention programs by the federal government. The war on drugs is more heavily focused on how to control crime, instead of how to prevent it. Not only is the war on drugs costlyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Drug has been a serious issue in our society and criminal justice institutes due to many problems associated, including the violence, negative health benefits, social disorganization, and other negative consequences. The police agencies have adopted a policy called â€Å"The War on Drugs†, as a response to the rising drug problems. The War on Drugs has popularized variety policies and practices that significantly increased the overall number of drug arrests, and other drug related offenses(TheRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1199 Words   |  5 PagesThere was so much information on this topic of the War on Drugs that I am still wrapping my mind around it. It went into such detail about the war on drugs that are never talked about. We always hear â€Å"just say no.† I know that drugs are a very big problem in our society and even the whole world but I never knew to what extent it really was. I found it very interesting how Johann Hari interviewed these people who were in the middle of the drug war and their stories. It really opened my eyes to whatRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs808 Words   |  4 PagesWhose interests are advanced by sustaining the war on drugs? Police seems to gain a lot by sustaining the â€Å"war on drug†. Drugs are a significant force in police deviance, with as many as half of all convictions in police corruption cases involving drug-related crimes. Corruption in law enforcement, courts, and corrections can be explained through egoism selfish desires for personal gain. In other cases, however, corruption might be better understood as stemming from socially hedonistic incentives;Read MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1821 Words   |  8 PagesThe war on drugs is a long going battle and it has created many issues all around the world and as of today the highest prison population can be found in the United States due to drug charges. About half of the inmates with in federal and state prisons can be found on drug convictions. Those charges can range from possession of an illicit substance to drug trafficking that surprisingly continues to be an issue in federal and state prisons. How can United States put an end to t he war on drugs? Read MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs2027 Words   |  9 Pagesincreased federal spending in an attempt to curb the number of drug users and the sale and importation of illicit narcotics the war on drugs began in earnest. The war on drugs has also played a major role in politics as well as having a significant impact on the economy. While there are many arguments in favor for the war on drugs and an equal number of arguments against it I will attempt to show an unbiased look at the war on drugs and drug prohibition and how it has affected society as a whole. SinceRead MoreWar On Drugs And Drugs1952 Words   |  8 PagesWar on Drugs The war on drugs has come a long way without any remarkable success. America has been dealing with the drug menace for many years to a point that four of its presidents have declared the war on drugs part of their main agenda. Sadly, it has been a lost war in various perspectives. Drug abuse continues to be a daily topic with drug abusers flooding not only the American society but also many countries’ hospitals, prisons and courts. The drug trade has continued to cause violent crimesRead MoreThe Drug War On Drugs Essay2030 Words   |  9 Pagesthe â€Å"War on Drugs† sought to control the sale and use of psychoactive drugs as well as promote access to treatment for those who abuse and misuse these substances (Bagley, 1988; Elkins, 1990). Policies implemented prohibited the possession and distribution of narcotics (e.g. marijuana, cocaine, heroin); the punitive policies, which often resulted in hefty fines and prison sentences for violators, ultimately prompted the emer gence of a black market, more potent and lethal drugs, synthetic drugs as well

Interpersonal Communications Essay - 1036 Words

Abstract The object of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of interpersonal communication. The paper will discuss how human service professionals can help by learning the standards of clients of a different culture. This paper will demonstrate some barriers that counselors may endure when assisting clients. Emotions can influence whether a client discuss circumstances to the interviewer and recognizing nonverbal and verbal cues. The authors have established the importance of counselors and their ability to communicate in their daily and professional lives. Many problems can happen when there is a lack of communication but knowing oneself is necessary to support others. Interpersonal Communication Human service†¦show more content†¦Even people that have a culture different than the professional have emotions like madness (MHF, Empathy: An MHF Feeling). A person culture is always important for human service professionals to understand in order to show empathy. Emotional factors People should feel comfortable when expressing their feelings to the interviewer, for a decent relationship to begin. The human service professional do not have to agree with the client, in order to show empathy but understanding. Counselors must recognize important nonverbal clues when speaking with clients. According to the â€Å"Mental Health Facilitator† people should start with self-alertness and advancement of empathetic abilities (MHF, Empathy: An MHF Feeling). Clients’ emotions have a large impact on services rendered. There are factors; such as, different cultures, protecting others, or just scared; which can keep a client from disclosing emotions. A person culture has an impact on their reaction to the helper because they may view situations differently. If the counselor do not have a clear concept of oneself, it can have a negative impact on the delivery services for people of another background. We must not be too talkative, avoidant, or anxious when talking with clients. These actions can help or harm the client success of treatment if the interviewer do not know how to correspond properly.Show MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication753 Words   |  4 PagesTitle Student’s Name COM200: Interpersonal Communication Instructor’s Name Date (Sample March 19, 2014) Introduction- Thesis Statement * If you’re having difficulties writing a thesis, use the thesis generator in the Ashford Writing Center - https://awc.ashford.edu/writing-tools-thesis-generator.html. Remember, a thesis should make a claim – a definitive statement – about some issue. Here is an example: Effective communication is the most important factor in a successful relationshipRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction AND Thesis Statement Interpersonal communication is key to the life of a healthy relationship or marriage. Without communicating relationships and marriage will end failing. One of the biggest challenges with interpersonal communication lies in our ability to share our thoughts and concerns, conducted by feelings, desires, goals and needs, with another person 1) Explain the principles of and barriers to effective interpersonal communications. (You don’t have to list the objectivesRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Self1351 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this semester in communications I have learned a lot about myself, how to deal with others, relationships, and more. There were some lessons that stood out to me the most, and that I thought about after class. The first was in chapter 3 about interpersonal communication and the self. During this chapter, we took a piece of paper and put four people that we knew down. We chose someone who we were just getting to know, and then others that we knew very well or that were very close to usRead MoreInterpersonal Communication1053 Words   |  5 PagesInterpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is defined by Michael Cody as: the exchange of symbols used to achieve interpersonal goals(28). Does this definition include everything, or does it only include certain things?. When we are dealing with the issue of interpersonal communication we must realize that people view it differently. In this paper I will develop my own idea or definition of what interpersonal communication is. I will then proceed to identify any important assumptionsRead MoreInterpersonal Communication2332 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Interpersonal communication is a form of communication involving people who are dependent upon each other and with a common history. There are various aspects of interpersonal communication that can be discussed. This paper looks at the principles of interpersonal communication, its barriers and relationship with emotional intelligence. Four principles are identified, which are: interpersonal communication is inescapable; interpersonal communication is irreversible; interpersonal communicationRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Elements2395 Words   |  10 PagesInterpersonal communication is cyclic in nature. The message I sent and then feedback is given to complete the communication cycle. As it is on going hence the relationship that is impersonal at the beginning turns into interpersonal where one person is at times the sender and at other times the receiver. A. Source [sender] – Receiver:  Interpersonal communication involves at least 2 individuals. Each person formulates and sends message [sender activity] and at the same time receives and comprehendsRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal communication in the workplace is developed positively or negatively on the individual relationships we have combined with our human behaviors and human actions within each of those relationships. There are many things that can affect interpersonal communications within the workplace, from generational that create technological gaps, to diversity and tolerance it creates, and finally the type of workplace, is it a team environment encouraging inclusiveness within the organization orRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skill Of Feedback983 Words   |  4 PagesThe interpersonal communication skill of feedback is essential for hospital nurses to give a suitable care to each patient because it enables the nurses to learn, and improve their motivation, performance and efficiency that assist to achieve their goal which is to help the patients heal. The interpersonal communication skill of feedback is a system of conveying information between two people regarding the receiver’s performance (Baker et al. 2013). In general, feedback is employed to deliver informationRead MoreInterpersonal Communication1292 Words   |  6 Pages | | | |Interpersonal Communication | | Read MoreThe Effects Of Interpersonal Competence On Interpersonal Communication1053 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Interpersonal competence is an aspect of communication that is rarely given attention despite being a crucial facet of human interaction. In fact, Beebe et al. argue that it is comparable to breathing for being do critical to human growth (2). According to Beebe et al., this aspect of communication is necessary to maintain relationships and to improve affairs between lovers (6-7). To enhance our competence in interpersonal communication, we need to learn and master ways of verbally relating

Medical Research Tuskegee Syphilis and Nazi Human...

When you think of medical research, you probably think of lab rats. The â€Å"lab rats† in both Tuskegee syphilis study and the nazi human experiments were living human beings. History repeats itself as the two studies occur with the same intention and procedures. It was a result of ignorance and the idea of hierarchy: superiority and inferiority. The inhumane action of the researchers led to policies that protects against barbarous experiments. Tuskegee syphilis study started in 1932 with a good intention, scientists were trying to examine the abundance of syphilis within rural African Americans in the South in order to anticipate a mass treatment. When there was an economic downturn during Great depression, study was terminated although US public health service was in favor of continuing the study (Deria). The purpose of the following study did not have the same objective as the first. The intent of the second study was to determine whether African American population would be affected by syphilis just as much as White population. It also had an intention to discover how long a human can live without untreated syphilis (Ogungbure) The research took place in Macon city, Alabama where low class families were prevalent. Taking an advantage of uneducated, they disguised the word syphilis with â€Å"bad blood†. The study continued for 40 years with 400 men left untreated and 600 men was manipulated. Nazi human experiment was conducted in order to enhance the ability of GermanShow MoreRelatedThe Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment (The official name was Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male) began in the 1930’s. It was an experiment on African Americans to study syphilis and how it affected the body and killed its victims done by Tuskegee Institute U.S. Public Health Service researchers. The initial purpose of the Syphilis study â€Å"was to record the natural history of syphilis in Blacks† (Tuskegee University, â€Å"About the USPHS Syphilis StudyRead MoreDeadly Deception Documentary Film1145 Words   |  5 PagesIs human experimentation appropriate? Should people be given the right to informed consent if the research could result in possible harm? Is human experimentation in light of the Tuskegee study justified? These are just some of the questions that arose during the presentation of the film Deadly Deception. This film featured the government sponsored Tuskegee experiment and documents this forty year study of untreated syphilis in the black males of Macon County, Alabama. This review will examine theRead MoreTuskegee Case Study1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment was an unethical scientific study funded by the US Public Health Service that was performed on African American men in Macon County, Alabama that took place from 1932- 1972. The purpose of this experiment was to study the progress of untreated syphilis in African American men; a total of â€Å"600 black men – 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease.† (U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, 2013) The study was conducted under falseRead MoreThe Unethicality of the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study996 Words   |  4 PagesJewish, Nazi, Tuskegee, Willowbrook Studies Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study The 1962-63 Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study was unethical because the presiding physician, Chester M. Southam, injected live cancer cells into twenty-two chronically ill, non-cancer patients without their written consent. Southam attempted to justify his actions (not informing his patients) by stating that he did not wish to stir up any unnecessary anxieties in the patients who had phobia and ignoranceRead MoreEthical Issues in Modern Medicine1094 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Guatemalan syphilis experiment and the Tuskegee experiment both were two unique experiments. Recently, the United States apologized last year for the experiment, done in Tuskegee which was meant to test the drug penicillin. However, Two years before that, Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius made an apology for the experiment conducted in Guatemala. With that said, the researcher rejects the case that a utilitarian could make the case that the Guatemalan syphilis study was moreRead MoreTuskeg ee Syphilis Paper1481 Words   |  6 PagesTuskegee Syphilis Experiment Name University of Phoenix Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment was a 40 years study from 1932 to 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama. The experiment was conducted on a group of 399 impoverished and illiterate African American sharecroppers. This disease was not; however revealed to them by the US Government. They were told they were going to receive treatment for bad blood. The study proved to be one of the most horrendous studies carriedRead MoreCode of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs and guides the integrity, values, and1500 Words   |  6 Pagesfailures. Within the research enterprise, the code of ethics ensures that research projects involving human subjects are carried out without causing harm to the subjects involved. Research ethics also ensure researchers conduct research in an ethical manner. This paper will focus on the regulations and guidelines that govern ethics in research, a study where research ethics were violated and recommendations to improve ethics within the research enterpri se. â€Æ' The research enterprise is comprisedRead MoreEthical Behavior Involving Human Subjects1637 Words   |  7 PagesHuman subjects in the research field requires us to analyze our approach to physical science according to a higher respect of the subjects, to thoroughly protect the participants as well as others in connection to the research. We must also protect the validity of the data retrieved from the research. The ethical questions at hand aren’t merely right from wrong in a sense but the fairness of the views being administered to participants, including safety. Often research approaches from our past inRead MoreEthics And Values Of The United States1256 Words   |  6 Pages Imagine the sheer terror of being the subject of a human experiment. Unknown substances are injected into your veins with the sharp prick of a needle. You are made horribly ill, all in the name of scientific progress that you may not even live to see. This is a fate far too many people in the world have endured. We often associate the malevolence of human experimentations with groups such as the Nazis, but America likes to act as if it would never compromise it’s citizens rights in the name ofRead MoreRacism, Research, and the Breaking of the Hippocratic Oath2300 Words   |  10 Pages2013 Racism, Research, and the Breaking of the Hippocratic Oath A statement in an unsigned article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, gives the prejudicial idea: â€Å"‘Virtue in the Negro race is like angels’ visits—few and far between†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Brandt 21). Nearly seventy years after Lincoln abolished slavery in the United States, racism and prejudice still flowed through the veins of many Americans and their views corrupted medical research studies with bribery, prejudice, and flagrant disregard

The Mission Statement Of Party City - 1639 Words

The mission statement of Party City, my current employer, as stated in the handbook: Party City loves to celebrate. We pride ourselves on making it easy and fun for our customers to celebrate the special times in the lives of their family and friends by offering a complete selection of fresh and exciting merchandise at great value in a fun shopping environment. Culture The culture of the company is built on customer service, team building and a fun environment. The focus on the customer includes helping the customer with suggestions to create the perfect event, from birthday parties to retirement celebrations by covering the ‘parts of the party’. That ideal consists of starting with color schemes or theme, then covering the tableware, decorations, favors, invitations, thank you cards, and banners to have all of the must haves covered. That same concept goes for Halloween, which is the biggest season for Party City. We encourage the customer to not just buy a costume but become the character by starting with what the customer wants to be then offering accessories that complement the costume to create the look from head to toe. We are encouraged to greet every customer that walks in and offer assistance throughout their shopping experience. We are also careful to keep the lines moving to ensure an efficient checkout. During the holidays and major sporting events, the company encourages the employees to dress the part. For Halloween, we dress up in full costumes andShow MoreRelatedMultinational Investment Banking And Financial Services722 Words   |  3 Pagessee how their mission statement matches their actions. According to wikipedia, Citigroup is an â€Å"american multinational investment banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Manhattan, New York City.†(Citigroup, 2016) Founded in 1812, Citigroup became the third largest bank holding company after a merger with the Travelers group. Now that we know who they are, we will explore whether or not they are true to their missions statement. Citigroups mission statement is †our goal forRead MoreConceptualizing a Business Essays1081 Words   |  5 PagesSweet Tooth is a bakery and party store located in Las Vegas, Nevada. What sets this bakery apart from other bakeries is the company’s artistic flair for fun and elegant designs, whether on a cake or piece of chocolate. Sweet Tooth produces some of the most gorgeous and fun cakes, cupcakes, candy, and cookies within sin city at very affordable prices. Sweet Tooth has the reputation of possessing the best customer service and is the go to place for all of your sweet party needs. The purpose of thisRead MoreBusiness strategy of Carrefour Macedonia1453 Words   |  6 Pagessupermarket, Food markets, Discount shops ï‚ § Keeping low prices, good consumer service, comfortable shopping environment Vision and Mission statements ï‚ § Vision statement: - Carrefour has one simple ambition to be the preferred retailer wherever it operates ï‚ § Mission statement: - Carrefour is totally focused on meeting the expectations of its customers. Our mission is to be the benchmark in modern retailing in each of our markets. As a global retailer, Carrefour is committed to enabling as many peopleRead MoreThe Massacre of Rwandans During 1993 Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesmassacre of Rwandans during 1993 were described by Ndiaye in a statement to the Commission on Human Rights as deemed so severe that it could merit the label of a genocide. Ndiaye report offered such extensive material based on the proceeding occurring in Rwanda that the United Nations should have into account his findings when establishing a peacekeeping force called The United Nations Assistant Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). Ndiaye’s (1993) statement goes on to emphasize the key elements that had â€Å"facilitatedRead MoreEssay about Strategic Plan, Part I: Conceptualizing a Business679 Words   |  3 Pagesof the year there will be a party highlighting the 52 weekly flavors. The CupCake Cafà © cupcakes are freshly made every morning. The mission of a company is the unique purpose that sets it apart from other companies of its types and identifies the scope of the operation (Pearson Robinson, 2009). The mission statement for the CupCake Cafà © is â€Å"To provide our clientele with a cupcake made of quality ingredients that taste like grandma made them.† A vision statement presents a company’s strategicRead MoreMission, Governance, And Financing858 Words   |  4 PagesMission, Governance, and Financing Christus St. Elizabeth Outpatient Wound Care Clinic is primarily a community health agency that serves the Beaumont and Southeast Texas area. Its mission statement is â€Å"to extend the healing ministry of Jesus Christ† (â€Å"Our Mission, Values, and Vision†, 2016). As a not-for-profit agency, Christus St. Elizabeth Wound Care Clinic works with numerous agencies to make a profound effect in the lives of patients and to promote a positive change in the community. A mixtureRead MoreComparing Essay- Miri Regev And Shulamit Aloni916 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical arch. Aloni had defined herself as Radical liberal or Radical-social democrat while Regev is a Right Wing-Nationalist. Aloni started her Political career at Hamaa rach and was one the cofounders of the left wing party Meretz. Regev is a member of the Likud party. This comparison enables us to see the success of two very different woman to integrate in the Israeli politics holding harsh courageous opposing opin ions. Miri Regev was born and raised in Kiryat Gat by the name of MiriamRead MoreAnalysis Of The City And County Of Denver1142 Words   |  5 PagesColorado, the City and County of Denver serves the Rocky Mountain region as its financial, cultural, service and transportation center. It was founded in 1858 by William H. Larimer after a gold discovery in the area, and has grown to a city of about 3 million people today. Major economic features include the state capital building, international airport, central business district, cultural facilities, and numerous professional sports teams (City and County of Denver, 2017b). The city operates underRead MoreThe Egyptian Revolution Essay example975 Words   |  4 Pagesplayed a vital role in the January revolution, has now become a violent and oppressive force. On the twenty-ninth of December 2011, the SCAF raided seventeen Egyptian, German, and US run NGOs in search of proof of illegal foreign funding.1 In a statement (A/HRC/18/NGO/77) submitt ed by the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS), the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR), and the Center for Egyptian Women’s Legal Assistance, it was reported that the ruling military council was illegallyRead MoreMang Inasal Research Paper801 Words   |  4 PagesInasal, the specialty of which, is grilled chicken and the Philippine s fastest growing barbeque fast food chain, serving chicken, pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites. It opened on December 12, 2003 at the Robinson s Mall Carpark in Iloilo City. . The restaurant was instantly successful that it spread throughout most of the Visayas, to Mindanao and then Metro Manila. It applied for franchise a couple of years later.By 2009, Mang Inasal opened one hundred stores.In October of 2010, 70% of

A House in Gross Disorder Free Essays

A sex scandal – that too accompanied by charges of sodomy, doesn’t sound theoretically convincing enough to be lauded as the chief antagonist of a book that would elaborate the manners of the early seventeenth century English society. The heinous nature of the scandal and the noble family it badly marred collectively demanded a thorough and scrupulous historical documentation that would serve as a bold yet honest evidence of the truth in times of secrecy and puritanical approaches. In A House in Gross Disorder: Sex, Law, and the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, Cynthia Herrup takes up a bold task of chronicling an emperor’s debauchery and the subsequent fall from grace. We will write a custom essay sample on A House in Gross Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the surface, the book vividly records a tale of sodomy, rape, corruption and revenge. But Herrup goes beyond the notions of conventional morality, and excites the readers with an insightful telling of how a man of noble origin was incriminated by a system which was essentially naà ¯ve and passive. Moreover, the case of the 2nd earl of Castlehaven directly implies the latent anxieties involved with the very structure of power, which can be applicable to modern societies as well. Mervin Touchet, the earl of Castlehaven, was charged with serious offenses of actuating the rape of his own wife and of performing sodomy on one of his servants. This case received so much public attention that researchers have later on found evidential grounds to address to a number of social, religious and ethical issues involving the hindsight of power and authority, tyranny, deviance, legal entailments of suppression, and the inevitable implications of patriarchal domestic setups. A House in Gross Disorder: Sex, Law, and the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven captures the nature of governance that prevailed in the royal court of Castlehaven prior to the grisly events, and how it brought about the condemnation and beheading of the earl in 1631. In a way, the author discusses and explains the situations that led to the debauchery and disorder in the Castlehaven household. It is to be clearly understood that Cynthia Herrup does not merely tell us a shameful event, but she actively engages our consciousness and awareness about the relevance of such an event in contemporary society by collating key points concerning sex, able governance and the role of a transparent and competent legal system. Hence the main thesis argument Cynthia Herrup tries to propagate in the book is not what happened, but why it happened. The Touchets settled in the Castlehaven in 1620 and immediately exercised their sovereign power in the locality. There was an underlying wave of nobility and religious leniency about the way the head of the household directed both the internal as well as external affairs. Despite being an old family dating back to the times of the Norman Conquest in England, the Touchets never really went out to establish a fortunate identity for themselves, partly because of their inheritance and injudicious trends of marriage. Eventually it was the convicted earl’s father George Touchet who understood that â€Å"the surest path to wealth and status was a combination of service, supplication, and judicious marriage.† (p. 10) His expertise as a soldier and good administrator was well circulated, fetching him widespread recognition. But his son’s escapades, as Herrup wants us to show, are not to be confused with his own status or credibility. Stuck in a perpetual state of dynamics in terms of religion, politics and law, the stage was almost set for the ensuing chain of events that would bring ignominy to the Castlehaven family. An act of sodomy, according to the Christian convictions, was extremely degrading and morally reproachable offense. Long before the Castlehaven case, the English society was unrelenting in despising such activities. As history has it, the aristocrats in the Elizabethan times were frequently accused with similar charges, the most notable being in the cases of the Earls of Oxford and of Southampton. Due to the passive nature of the mass acceptance of crimes such as rape and sodomy, majority of these cases lay under cover and never really attracted too much attention other than a reviled broadcasting. Even men hailing from blue-blooded families had the grit to stand up to the charges brought against them – presumably for testifying to their self-confidence and beliefs in a patriarchal supremacy. But according to the prevalent Protestant notions, sodomy was typically an un-English crime usually committed by the Italians and the Turkeys who were believed to have very little sense of self-restraint and moral values. But Mervin Touchet was neither an Italian nor a Turkey, nor was he supposed to be stripped off the conventional Protestant values. So the logical question remains – why did he engage in such treachery? Herrup attempts to guide us through the convoluted system of monarchy that somehow isolated many of the young earls in the beginning of their tenures. Lack of traceability in terms of peer connections and the general tenor of mistrust and passivity at the core of the family seemed to generate a deficient measure of ethics for the accused person in contention here. Five chapters are assigned to this book, making the task of unfolding the events and their interpretations a smooth one. The first chapter recounts the history of the Castlehaven’s ancestry, their land acquisitions, and how the premonitions were about to unveil themselves. From the perspective of a historian, this chapter is thoroughly required for the sake of critical research. Herrup introduces in this chapter the obvious difference that prevailed in the moral domains of two of the earls of Castlehaven, resulting in the disorderly affairs at Fonthill Gifford. The second chapter directly goes into the central topic of the book, e. g. the allegations of assistance in rape and sodomy brought against the 2nd earl. From informative contexts, this chapter abounds in charges that eventually incriminate the earl on the ground of circumstantial as well as concrete pools of evidence. It was Lord Audley who first brought the disturbing charges against the earl, stating that he was purposefully denied of his inheritance as the earl had an unusual propensity to one of his servants Henry Skipwith. This set the ball in motion as allegations of sexual perversion and provoked acts of sexuality started raining. The Privy Council intervened into the matter and questioned most of the family members, including the accused ones. Finally in 1631, charges against the earl were found legitimate after a prolonged trial and he was convicted of rape and sodomy. Herrup inducts the evidences to support her arguments in the third chapter. The first thematic construct involves the obligation for men to control their emotive responses for the greater good of their families and loved ones. No doubt it was completely taunted by the Castlehaven to doom his own fate. The second important argument concerns the faculty of self-respect and honor in dealing with potentially unruly confrontations. This too lacked in the case of the 2nd earl of Castlehaven. The third argument, same as the second one, brings into the forefront of consideration the need to remain firm to sacred religious beliefs. All the three aforementioned arguments can be exemplified in a nutshell. As the head of a domestic setup infested with â€Å"sly servants and unruly women† (p. 74), Touchet engaged in disgraceful activities and supported the same in others (p. 79), and he was alleged to have questionable associations with Roman Catholicism and Ireland (p. 81). Hence the earl was comfortably drawn as debased and therefore, shamefaced for some reason. For the readers, it is virtually impossible to decipher the extent of his guilt, and that is precisely what the author tries to say in the book. It is basically a trial which is to be closely examined in the contemporary social context of deviance, homosexuality, tyranny and power games. So it may easily be inferred that this book is for a select band of readers – those with idiosyncratic viewpoints and a commanding grasp over the Elizabethan history of England. How to cite A House in Gross Disorder, Papers

Organization Often Faces Situations Require-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organization Often Faces Situations Require? Answer: Introducation According to Northhouse (2015), Trait theory of leadership is considered a timeless theory of leadership. According to the trait theory, effective leaders have certain traits that make them good leaders. This theory suggests that leaders are born. On the contrary, some of the critics of trait theory believe that leaders can be made through training and development. There are certain skills and traits that contribute to a good leaders effectiveness in certain situations. On the other hand, it is believed by many that skills can be developed. Effective leaders are made by inculcating particular traits in to them (Northhouse 2015). An organization often faces situations that require the leaders to have certain traits, rather personality traits that are required for leading the organization towards the specific goals. Personality traits are of two types, General personality traits and task related traits. The general traits are common traits that are required in all the areas irrespective of where an individual works. These traits are self-confidence, humility, core self-evaluations, assertiveness, enthusiasm, and trustworthiness, sense of humor, extraversion, optimism and warmth. The task related personality traits are proactive personality, passion for the work and the people, emotional intelligence, self-awareness, self-management, relationship management, flexibility and adaptability and management (Sethuraman and Suresh 2014). The trait approach theory suggests that individuals with these traits have the possibility of becoming successful leaders. To understand leadership it is very important to understand the traits, characteristics, behaviors of leaders. According to the trait theory leaders have a stable and consistent patterns of behaviors and consistent that determine that which individuals can be successful leaders. For example an enthusiastic leader, can easily influence and motivate people but a leader who himself is not enthusiastic will not be able to motivate the employees and the subordinates. Effective leaders will know how to make good relation with his or her subordinates; these qualities are innate to individuals (Sethuraman and Suresh 2014). Good leaders are also differentiated by their motives as well, leaders are ambitious and they are motivated by the need for occupying a position and they also have need to control others. The motives of the leadership are divided into four categories, power, drive and achievement, tenacity and resilience, strong work ethic (Van Wart 2014). Effective leaders have power motive that creates a need for controlling resources. There are two types of power motive according to the Motive leadership theory, personalized power motive and socialized power motive. Personalized power motive makes the leaders seek for themselves. According to the theory, it is the drive and an achievement motive that makes the leaders strive hard to attain certain goals and objectives. Drive enables individuals to give their best efforts for achieving certain goals and objectives maintain the persistency by continue to apply energy in that direction. Achievement is defined as the joy that an individual gets by attaining certain goals and objectives. Leaders have tenacity and resilience motives, leaders are tenacious any project of new business deal taken up by a leaders takes a significant amount of time. Leaders are resilience motives because they usually rise up from any failure of difficulty through their constant efforts (Chemers 2014). The theory that contradicts the trait theory is Contingency theory, it suggest that there are certain contingency situations that requires much more than the already mentioned traits and motives, effective leaders emerge out of these situations based on the situation leaders have to decide what action is needed. The traits of the leaders are not that much effective, rather they are forced to use their experience and forecast what steps will help in those crises. This theory says that there is no specific method to style that can fit in all the situations. Success of an organization is determined by a number of factors which includes, leadership style, quality of the followers and the features of the situation. Contingency factor is a situation or feature in a circumstance which is considered while designing the organization or designing any parts or system of the organization (Van Wart 2014). Situational theory The situational theory on the other hand suggests that leaders select the best method or the course of action based on the situation or the condition. For different types of decision-making, different types of leadership is required. For example if it is requirement of the situation that the leader or the manager has to be authorative, and he is the only member in the group that has more knowledge about the situation than others then he or she should use the autocratic type of leadership. Autocratic type of leadership style might contradict some of the traits that are required in managers, like being emphatic. There are situations when the leaders have to overlook the individual interest just to protect the interest of the team, this might clash with the interest of any group member. The duty of an effective leader in such situation will be to give priority to the interest of the entire group in such case he will contradict some of the basic things that the managers need to do, liste ning to the employees. In this situation, listening to a single employee might go against the interest of the entire group (Nahavandi 2016). Trait theory is one of the most popular theories of leadership but according to the other theorists it is not applicable in all the situations, the leadership style is determined by the situation, so is the effectiveness of the leadership. Leaders in any organization lead and direct the employees, they do require skills that lets the leaders effectively lead the organization towards attaining goals and objectives of the organization. Theories of leadership also suggest that leaders can be made, but trait theory suggests that effective leaders have certain traits that makes them leaders. Traits can be learned through experience, leaders needs to have extensive knowledge of situation. If leaders have sufficient experience about various situations they will know what needs to be done in those situations. For an instance if an organization if the workers call strikes, an effective leader might have to think out of the box and does something that will help combat the situation of and deal with the agitated workers. All these issues are not discussed in the theories and that is where the limitation can short sightedness is seen in the trait theory as well as behavioral theory. The contingency and the Situational theory all though does not lack vision, because there are many situations that will require taking different course of action other than the typical measures (Ghasabeh Soosay and Reaiche 2015). Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is the type of leadership that is most appropriate for modern organizational structure, in transformational leadership the leaders with their subordinates work towards identifying the required change and work in harmony with the employees. Transformational leadership motivates the morale of the employees and their job performance is improved by taking various measures (Antonakis and House 2013). Implications of leadership theories in organization In an organization there are many kind of individuals who are motivated in different ways, it is not necessary that all the employees can be motivated by monetary benefits, some want promotion, recognition and appreciation. It may also happen that it is not the rewards that motivates certain employees instead the fear of punishment motivates them. Dealing with sch employees might require a strict leader that can create fear in those types of employees, it is contradicting the trait theory that suggests that leaders are required to be emphatic, it is the situation that determines how the leaders should be (Chemers 2014). Leaders can be made, though various training and grooming sessions leaders can be trained to use the right type of leadership style. Contemporary leadership is totally based on the situations, the effectiveness of the leaders is based on the right use of methods and course on actions. Trait theory can be used in places where the situation always remains same. In an organization trait theory can be applied but it is not that much effective because situations are not same. A broader approach is always needed in an organization and therefore the leaders are required to act and adapt themselves according to the situation. Everyone can be a leader if proper training is given to theme, the traits can be taught not all of it but most of it, like communication skills, problem solving, adaptability (McCleskey 2014). In an organization the motive of leaders is not always power neither their need is to control others, leaders in an organization are elected on the basis of their qualities and the situation, the individual that seems the suitable to manage and lead the organization in a particular situation is made the leader. The motive of leaders is recognition and appreciation, their needs are mostly esteem needs. So, it can be said that the theory of motive is quite applicable in the practical scenario in an organization because the motives of individuals work in similar way. Motives are innate and cannot be trained unlike the traits, which are characteristics that can be learned, while motives are related to psychology (Sethuraman and Suresh 2014). References Antonakis, J. and House, R.J., 2013. The full-range leadership theory: The way forward. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Ghasabeh, M.S., Soosay, C. and Reaiche, C., 2015. The emerging role of transformational leadership.The Journal of Developing Areas,49(6), pp.459-467. McCleskey, J., 2014. Emotional intelligence and leadership: A review of the progress, controversy, and criticism.International Journal of Organizational Analysis,22(1), pp.76-93. Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Sethuraman, K. and Suresh, J., 2014. Effective leadership styles. International Business Research,7(9), p.165. Van Wart, M., 2014.Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. Routledge.

Theory of Supervision free essay sample

When I think about my personal theory of supervision and evaluation, several key theories and theorists run through my mind. As an administrator, I will incorporate several different aspects and themes of theories that I have learned about. I do not think that you can be an effective leader using just one theoretical perspective. Every school, student, faculty and staff member has different needs, and it is my duty to assist in fulfilling those needs.That means that I will have to make several adjustments to my leadership style as I learn more about my schools population and issues. It is imperative that I support ISLLC standards. Effective school leaders are strong educators, anchoring their work on central issues of learning and teaching and school improvement. They are moral agents and social advocates for the children and the communities they serve. They make strong connections with other people, valuing and caring for others as individuals and as members of the educational community (Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Supervision or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The key concepts to my approach would include aspects from Warren Bennis, Howard Gardner, David Kolb, Peter Senge and Michael Fullan. I chose these five theorists because they focus on effective leadership, change, learning and most importantly the success of all students. Warren Bennis developed four competencies of great leaders. Those competencies include the management of attention, meaning, trust and self. In order to truly be an effective leader you must be able to hold people’s attention, help them to understand your vision, earn their trust and be confident in yourself.If you are unable to master those four things, I believe that you will be ineffective as an administrator. One of the themes that I found most effective was we need to â€Å"know ourselves. †Ã‚   Bennis (2003), states that knowing thyself means separating who you are and who you want to be from what the world thinks you are and wants you to be. †Ã‚   This is a lesson that we all need to learn and relearn. I believe that leaders need to continuously be on the journey to understand themselves, especially when they go through a leadership transition of any kind. Howard Gardner and David Kolb both emphasize learning.Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences. His theory validates educators everyday experience: students think and learn in many different ways. Gardner provides educators with a conceptual framework for organizing and reflecting on curriculum assessment and pedagogical practices (Gardner, 1991). Kolb introduced the experiential learning theory. His theory emphasized the importance of experience in the learning process, drew on research by Dewey and Piaget to identify two major dimensions of learning: perception and processing (Kolb, 1984).As an administrator my main goal is the success of ALL students. It is my duty to lead school reform to raise student achievement. Success in leading reforms to increase student achievement will be hinged upon my ability to create a shared vision within the school community as well as my success in implementing new organizational structures that engage teachers in shared decision-making. A positive school climate can enhance student engagement, motivation and achievement. School climate is a significant element in discussions for improving academic performance and school reform.Positive school climate is characterized by strong collaborative learning communities. Peter Senge’s theory states that learning organizations are places where people continually expand their capacity, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration are set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole reality together (Senge, 2006). Also, Michael Fullan states that every stakeholder in the educational change process is a change agent.Fullan and Stiegelbauer (1991 ) state that the key to successful change is the improvement in relationships between all involved and not simply the imposition of top down reform. As an administrator, it is my idea that every person in the building will work collaboratively to ensure student success. I am not just talking about classroom teachers, but also the custodians, cafeteria w orkers, bus drivers and secretaries. Everyone in the building should play a part in the environment for student learning.In other words, when students, in partnership with educators and parents, work together they promote essential learning skills as well as life and career skills that provide the foundation for 21st century learning (Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2002). Depending on the learners and the situation, different learning theories may apply. It is important for individuals to know the strengths and weaknesses of any theory. Theories are useful because they open up the doors of possibilities and allow different ways to see the world.Schools have a greater chance of being successful and appealing if everyone works together toward achieving the common goal: creating lifelong learners. It is important that the administrator understand that their theory may need to be intertwined with others. As the old saying goes, â€Å"if the only tool in your workbox is a hammer, you will perceive every problem as a nail. † School success comes when everyone has the same mission but each brings their own â€Å"tools† to the table. My Graphic Representation.

Essay Test Sample

Essay Test SampleStudents are required to write an essay test sample, a short essay which they may take and then read online for credit. They should understand that these writing samples are not intended to be an excellent work of their own.This assignment is meant to help the student get an idea of how a class will teach them in the first place. The testing service usually uses this short essay to track their progress over the semester, how they understand the course material, and how they demonstrate their ability to use the course material.The short essay can either be from any point in the semester, the entire semester, or any part of the semester. The student needs to note that they are required to read through the essay. It is also necessary to understand that the writing samples are meant to be used as inspiration for the student's own essays.Students have a lot of time to take advantage of during this semester. They should do so, but it is important to know the standards the syllabus sets for students to receive credit for this essay. The individual writing sample should provide a good foundation for understanding the syllabus, as well as for the student to practice their own writing style.Many students fail to keep a keen eye on the requirements of the writing samples set forth. They should remember that the quality of the writing sample does not determine whether the student receives credit or not. These writing samples are simply what is needed to show a student how their work matches with the syllabus.Students must understand that they are not in fact expected to write the entire essay, as many believe. The writing sample is simply meant to give them a good starting point for creating a worthy essay. There is not necessarily anything wrong with writing this assignment for the sake of the student getting credit.An essay test sample is only to be used in conjunction with your own work. If you feel you do not really understand the guidelines in the syl labus sets forth, you should speak with a test counselor to better understand your role in the process.

Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Essays

Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Essays Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Paper Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Paper Essay Topic: Life Is Beautiful Montessori Education SA Montessori, Pre-Primary Philosophy 2 1Write a page about Maria Montessori’s family, 4 where they lived, her father’s profession, her mother and her siblings 2Where did Maria Montessori go to school, what did she study and why5 3Write about Maria Montessori’s Medical training, why, where6 4Note where she first practised medicine, why, and what did she learn7 5What was the ‘Children’s House’, where was it located, 9 what was Maria Montessori’s role 6When did Maria Montessori first start writing and why11 Why do you think Maria Montessori never married, substantiate with research12 8Who was the father of Maria Montessori’s son and why did they never marry 13 9Mario Montessori, write about his part in his mother’s life14 10What happened to Maria Montessori in Italy before World War II15 11Where did Maria Montessori Spend World War II16 12What effect, if any, did Maria Montessori’s 17 stay in India have on the spread of her method? 13How did the teaching colleges start and where18 14How did Maria Montessori spend her last few years of life, 19 where and when did she die Extracts from Maria Montessori’s Last Will and Testament20 15Try and find out what events and inventions took place in her life-time21 16Who were her contemporaries? 22 Important Dates In Maria Montessori’s Life24 Question One: -Write a page about Maria Montessori’s family, where they lived, the profession of her father, her mother and her siblings? Maria Montessori ?Maria Montessori’s parents were married in the spring on 1866; both mother and father were devoted to the liberation and the unity of Italy this was the common ground on which Maria Montessori’s parents met. They were devout Catholics. ?Alessandro Montessori was a descendant of a noble family from bologna, ? In his youth he was a soldier and then an accountant in the civil service in his later years, he was well known for his courteous politeness. ?â€Å"He was an old fashioned Gentleman, with a conservative temper and was of military habits†. (Rita Kramer, 1976, pg22). In the year 1865 Alessandro Montessori, aged 33 came to the town of Chiaravalle which was a provincial agricultural town and here he met the love of his life Renilde Stoppani then aged 25. Renilde Stoppani Montessori was the niece of the great philosopher-scientist-priest Antonio Stoppani a monument of him was erected at the University of Milan on the event of his death. ?Renilde was a beautiful a well educated woman for her time she loved to read books, this was incredible because in Chiaravalle, persons who could read and write their own names were praised, she was a firm believer in discipline, but loved her dau ghter and supported her in all she did, Renilde was very patriotic and was devoted to the ideals of the liberation and union for Italy, she was a lady of singular piety and charm. Renilde Montessori passed away in 1912. ?Alessandro Montessori and Renilde Stoppani were married within a year of his placement as a government civil service accountant in the small town of Ancona. ?After two years in Venice the couple moved back to Chiaravalle and it was a year later 1870 there were two major events the one being Italy became a unified and free nation the second being Alessandro and Renilde were blessed with a beautiful buddle of joy on August 31 and they named her Maria. ?In 1873 the government transferred Alessandro to the city of Florence and then his last move was to Rome in 1875. It was in Rome that Maria grew up. Maria Montessori did not have any siblings. Question Two: -Where did she go to school, what did she study and why? ?Maria was six when her parents enrolled her in first grade just 2 yrs before public education became mandatory. The first few years Maria was uncompetitive, receiving awards for good conduct and her needle work, she wanted to become an a ctress like most young girls of the time. ?At the age of twelve the family moved to Rome here she could receive a better education. ?At fourteen a keen interest in mathematics developed and Maria really enjoyed it, this was an interest that she carried throughout her life. Her parents suggested that she follow a career in teaching as this was one of the only professions available to young woman in the male dominated society in which Maria Montessori lived. She would not even consider it at this point. ?Due to her mathematical mind she decided she would like to follow a career in engineering which was seen as a very unusual career for a young lady. ?Maria Montessori attended a technical school for boys and graduated in 1886 and received very high marks in all her subjects her final score being 137 out of 150. After this she â€Å"attended Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci from 1886 to 1890 (Kramer 1976)†. It was here that she studied modern languages and natural scienc es her favourite of all her classes was math. Question Three: -Write about her medical training, why, where, etc? ?When she was ready to graduate she was very drawn to the study of biological sciences her family were shocked to say the least but her father was very disapproving of her desire to study medicine he stopped short of forbidding her to continue with this idea. Maria first checked with the University of Rome and spoke to â€Å"Dr Guido Bacelli the head of the board of education†. Dr Bacelli explained to her in no uncertain terms that her desire to study medicine was not going to be happening, with this Maria stood up, shook hands cordially, thanked the Dr politely and then quietly remarked â€Å"I know I will be a Doctor of Medicine† she then bowed and left the room. ?Taking a new look at this problem Maria enrolled at the University to study physics, mathematics and natural sciences. In 1892 she passed her exams with and eight out of ten and received a †Å"Diploma di licenza† this made her eligible to study medicine. ?There was still the small matter of her being a woman that was standing in her way (there is not much recorded information on how she did it) but Maria persisted until she was accepted into the school. In the biography by Kramer it is mentioned that Pope Leo XIII helped her somehow. ?Montessori stood out not just because of her gender, but because she was actually intent on mastering the subject matter. She won a series of scholarships at medical school which, together with the money she earned through private tuition, enabled her to pay for most of her medical education. ?Her time at medical school was not easy. She faced prejudice from her male colleagues and had to work alone on dissections since these were not allowed to be done in mixed classes. ?She was a dedicated student and on July 10th 1896 Maria presented her thesis to a board of ten men, they were truly impressed with her and granted her the degree of doctor of medicine. ?This made her the first woman to graduate from Medical School in Italy. She graduated with a very impressive score of 105 considering anything over 100 was considered brilliant (Rita Kramer 1976) ? Her first post was in the universities psychiatric clinic ? Research work in psychiatric medicine and continued her education in philosophy, physiology and education. ?In 1904 Maria Montessori was appointed professor of anthropology at the University of Rome Question Four: -a) Note where she first practised Medicine, why? b) What did she learn? ?On graduation Maria was immediately employed in the San Giovanni Hospital attached to the University. It was later in that year she was asked to represent Italy at the International Congress for Women’s Rights and in her speech to the Congress she developed a thesis for social reform, arguing that women should be entitled to equal wages with men. A reporter covering the event asked her how her patients responded to a female doctor. She replied â€Å"†¦they know intuitively when someone really cares about t hem†¦ It is only the upper classes that have a prejudice against ? Women leading a useful existence. † 1 ?In November 1896 Montessori added the appointment as surgical assistant at Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome to her portfolio of tasks. Much of her work there was with the poor, and particularly with their children. As a doctor she was noted for the way in which she ‘tended’ her patients, making sure they were warm and properly fed as well as diagnosing and treating their illnesses. ?In 1897 she volunteered to join a research programme at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome and it was here that she worked alongside Giusseppe Montesano As part of her work at the clinic she would visit Rome’s asylums for the insane, seeking patients for treatment at the clinic. She relates how, on one such visit the caretaker of a children’s asylum told her with disgust how the children grabbed crumbs off the floor after their meal. ?Montessori realised that in such a bare unfurnished room the children were desperate for ? Sensorial stimulation and activities for their hands, and that this deprivation was contributing to their condition. ?She began to read all she could on the subject of mentally retarded children and in particular she studied the groundbreaking work of two early 19th century Frenchmen, Jean-Marc Itard, who made his name working with the ‘wild boy of Aveyron’ and Edouard Seguin, his student. She was so keen to understand their work properly that she translated it herself from French into Italian. Itard developed a technique of education through the senses which Seguin later tried to adapt to mainstream education. Highly critical of the regimented schooling of the time, Seguin emphasised respect and understanding for each individual child. He created practical apparatus and equipment to help develop the child’s sensory perceptions and motor skills, which Montessori was to later develop in new ways. During the 1897-98 University terms she sought to expand her knowledge of education by attending courses in pedagogy, studying the works of Rousseau, Pestallozzi and Froebel. Some sixty years earlier, Froebel had established a school for very young children which placed an emphasis on play in early learning. In these ‘Kindergartens’ Froebel devised a series of toys or apparatus which he called ‘gifts’. ?Research work in psychiatric medicine and continued her education in philosophy, physiology and education. ?In 1904 Maria was appointed professor of anthropology at the University of Rome. Question Five: -a) What was the ‘Children’s house’ and where was it Located? b) What was Maria Montessori’s role? ?Maria was given a menial task: to try to educate the idiots and the uneducable in Rome ? On 6 January 1907 Maria Montessori opened her first school â€Å"Casa dei Bambini† (Children’s House), in probably one of the poorest areas in Rome the notorious â€Å"Quartered di San Lorenzo. † ? Within six months of opening the Casa dei Bambini, people from all walks of life, from every continent came to see Maria Montessoris miracle children. In observing all these developments in the children, Montessori felt she had identified significant and up till then unknown facts about childrens behaviour. She also knew that, in order to consider these developments as representing universal truths, she must study them under different conditions and be able to reproduce them. ?In this spirit, a second school was opened in San Lorenzo that sam e year. ?A third in Milan and a fourth in Rome in 1908, the school in Rome was for children of well-to-do parents. By the autumn of 1908 there were five Casa dei Bambini operating, four in Rome and one in Milan. Children in a Casa dei Bambini made extraordinary progress and soon five year olds were writing and reading. News of Montessori’s new approach spread rapidly and visitors arrived to see for themselves how she was achieving such results. Within a year the Italian speaking part of Switzerland began switching its kindergartens to the Montessori approach and the spread of the new educational approach began. The school was for children between the ages of three and six, each of these children came from extremely poor families, and most of the parents were illiterate. ?The children themselves were â€Å"rough and shy in manner† they were very tearful and frightened, their faces expressionless and their bewilderment in their eyes was as though they had never seen anyt hing in their lives. ?These children were referred to as â€Å"idiots† and uneducable ? Maria Montessori was quoted in saying: It was January 6th (1907), when the first school was opened for small, normal children of between three and six years of age. I cannot say on my methods, for these did not yet exist. But in the school that was opened my method was shortly to come into being. On that day there was nothing to be seen but about fifty wretchedly poor children, rough and shy in manner, many of them crying, almost all the children of illiterate parents, who had been entrusted to my care They were tearful, frightened children, so shy that it was impossible to get them to speak; their faces were expressionless, with bewildered eyes as though they had never seen anything in their lives. It would be interesting to know the original circumstances that enabled these children to undergo such an extraordinary transformation, or rather, that brought about the appearance of new children, whose souls revealed themselves with such radiance as to spread a light through the whole world. ? By 1909, all of Italian Switzerland began using Montessoris methods in their orphan asylums and childrens homes. Question Six: -When did Maria Montessori f irst start writing and why? ?Maria Montessori’s book â€Å"The Montessori Method† was published in 1909. The book was originally titled â€Å"The Method of Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Infant Education and the Childrens House† and it was later re-titled to â€Å"The Discovery of the Child†. ?Maria Montessori began writing to document her findings and to share her knowledge with all people. ?Word of Montessoris work spread rapidly. ?Visitors from all over the world arrived at the Montessori schools to verify with their own eyes the reports of these remarkable children. ?Montessori began a life of world travel- -establishing schools and teacher training centres, lecturing and writing. The first comprehensive account of her work, The Montessori Method. Question Seven: -Why do you think Maria Montessori did not marry – substantiate with research. ?It was very difficult for Maria Montessori to become a doctor as this was a male dominated profession , it was unheard of that a woman do medicine, all of the other student doctors were men. They men made fun of her and threatened her. The only way she could do what she wanted to was to block them out completely and I think this was one of the reasons Maria never married. I think it was also due to Dr Montesano’s dishonesty (as discussed in Question 8) that destroyed her faith in men; Dr Maria Montessori was a woman with great integrity and high moral standing. ?I also believe that she was totally emerged in her work and perhaps did not want the distraction, she was totally devoted to her work, and this is clearly evident in her writings. Question Eight: -Who was the father of Maria Montessori’s son and why did they not marry? (You may have to research this one). ?When Maria Montessori was at the Orthophrenic School, she worked with Dr. Giuseppe Montesano. One thing led to another, and they had an affair. Maria Montessori’s mother was devastated and knew that a scandal could destroy her daughters career. It was not the done thing in the day to have a child out of wedlock and therefore everything was kept quiet. ?She gave birth to a son, Mario Montessori. ?Mario was sent to a wet nurse and then lived with family in the country near Rome. ?There are many different takes on this part of Maria Montessori’s life one group said that Dr Maria Montessori and Dr Giuseppe Montesano agreed not to marry, they would also keep their relationship a secret and by doing so they would not reveal that he was Mario Montessori’s Father. They agreed that neither of them would ever marry another person, it was not long after this that Dr Montesano fell in love and married some-one else, Montessori and Montesano still worked together on a daily basis in constant contact and it was this betrayal of trust that prompted her to leave the Orthophrenic School ? Biographer Kramer speculated that Maria Montessori’s pregnancy as well as the break up w ith Dr. Montesano must have occurred in 1901 as this is when Maria Montessori suddenly resigned from the Orthophrenic School, and for about a year M. M was out of the public eye, she also abandoned her successful work with defective hildren at this time. Question Nine: -Mario Montessori – Write about his part in his mother’s life. ?On 20th December 1912 Maria Montessori’s her mother died at the age of seventy-two. ?Maria was deeply affected by this event and in the year following her mother’s death she brought her fourteen year-old son Mario to Rome to live with her. ?His dedication to her was of his own free will and it can not be said that it was because of a mother/son attachment. ?Mario Montessori had many loves in his life but none compared to the love he had for his mother and her work. His love for her was encompassing and it dominated his entire existence. He lived for her, with her but definitely not through her. ?Mario Montessori had no real scholastic or academic background but his total understanding of his mother’s work. His intuitive intelligence and openness of spirit allowed him to keep abreast with her quantum leaps from the first to the nth dimension even sometimes arriving just ahead, thus enabling her to soar even further. There was nothing his mother deducted, developed or stated that ever surprised him. It was said that thanks to Mario Montessori his mother never suffered the isolation that is common to genius, he was not just a sounding board for her ideas; he helped her to clarify them and give them shape, by doing this she was able to continue developing her unique mind to the end. Mario Montessori also presented his mother with fresh, new ideas. ?He began taking more of the workload from his mother as she grew older He would do the organi zing of courses, examining students, lecturing on materials, practical life etc. He coped with any unexpected complications during the training courses. By doing this he enabled Maria Montessori to concentrate fully on her creative work. As the years progressed, their complicity became total. Without him she would have grown frustrated by the lack of understanding of those around her, she would have retreated spiritual isolation, unable to cope and fight alone to preserve the purity of her work. ?It was because of his understanding, his enthusiasm and belief in her vision for the development of mankind; he became a pillar of her work. ?Even after she died, Mario Montessori continued the fight for the child the child, father of man. Here is an extract form the Last Will and Testament of Maria Montessori, and perhaps we can understand from this the importance of her son in her life. Question Ten: -What happened to Maria Montessori in Italy before World War II? ?The Spanish government invited Maria to set up a research institute which she did in 1917. She began conducting a series of teacher-training courses in London in the year 1919. ?In 1922, Benito Mussolini took over the government of Italy. Mussolini being a politician wanted Maria on his side. So, initially he encouraged and fully supported the Montessori movement in Italy. The government of Italy funded the Montessori schools and also helped Maria establish a training centre for teachers. ?Mussolini was nurturing colonial ambitions and in 1934 he was planning an attack on the African state of Abyssinia. ?To carry out his designs he needed the people of Italy, especially the youth, to be war-minded. To achieve this he set up a Fascist youth organisation whose members wore uniform at all times and gave the Fascist salute. ?Mussolini insisted that all children should enrol into this organisation. This meant even children from the Montessori schools should join. Maria disagreed with this and would not compro mise her principles and her beliefs to comply with his wishes. ?With this Mussolini ordered the immediate closure of all Montessori schools, and with this Maria was exiled from Italy. ?She moved to Spain and lived there until 1936. This again was a mistake. A civil war broke out in Spain. General Franco another fascist took over the government of Spain. She was rescued by a British cruiser. Maria opted to stay in the Netherlands for sometime. In 1938, she opened the Montessori Training Centre in Laren in the Netherlands. She continued with her work in the country till 1939. Question Eleven: Where did Maria Montessori spend World War II? ?Maria Montessori Spent World War II in India. ?It was here that she developed her â€Å"Education for Peace†, and developed many of the ideas taught in her training courses today. ?The outbreak of the World War II made Maria extend her stay in India. ?In 1940, when India entered the war, she and her son were interned as enemy aliens, but Maria was allowed to conduct training courses. ?She continued to stay in India till 1946 well after the war. ?She returned to Europe for a brief period. In 1947, she founded the Montessori Centre in London. ?In 1949 Maria Montessori travelled to Pakistan and also toured Europe in the same year. ?In 1951 Maria toured Austria. Question Twelve: -What effect, if any, did Maria Montessori’s stay in India have on the spread of her method? ?In 1939, the Theosophical Society of India extended an invitation to Maria Montessori who was 69 years of age. She accepted the invitation and reached India the same year. The journey from Holland in those days was very tedious. But this did not seem to trouble Maria. She was full of energy and keen to start work in India. She made Adayar, Chennai her home and lived there along with her son, Mario. Here, Dr. Maria came in close contact with Rukmini Devi, a Bharat Natyam dancer and the founder of the world famous centre for music, dance, and other fine arts Kalakshetra and her husband George Sidney Arundale, who was the president of the Theosophical Society of India. ?Between 1939 and 1949, Maria Montessori, with the help of her son Mario, conducted sixteen Indian Montessori Training Courses, thus laying a very sound foundation for the Montessori movement in India. Question Thirteen: How did the teaching Colleges start and where? In 1909 she gave her first Montessori course, expecting to have as students only Italian teachers. ?There were about 100 students that atte nded ?To her amazement people attended from many different countries. Probably that was the origin of what would become a serious handicap in the evolution of Montessori pedagogy. Since the beginning Montessori pedagogy has been appropriated, interpreted, misinterpreted, exploited, propagated, torn to shreds and the shreds magnified into systems, reconstituted, used, abused and disabused, gone into oblivion and undergone multiple renaissances. There are various reasons why this should be so. Perhaps the most important is that although Montessori pedagogy is known as the Montessori Method, it is not a method of education, in other words, it is not a programme for teachers to apply. Maria Montessori was not a teacher. ?In the summer of 1909 Dr Montessori gave her first training course in her approach to around 100 students. ?Her notes from this period developed into The Montessori Method, which was published in the United States in 1912, reaching second place in the US non-fiction bes t sellers. Soon afterwards it was translated in to twenty different languages. It has become a major influence in the field of education. Question Fourteen: How did Maria Montessori spend her last years of life? When and where did she die? ?Maria Montessori was nominated for the Nobel Peace for three consecutive years, 1949, 1950, 1951. But sadly the Nobel Prize eluded her on all three occasions. ?In 1951, Maria Montessori went to Holland from India. She made Noordwijk aan Zee, which is a coastal town, her home. The last few days of Montessoris life were characterized by the same activity and zeal she had shown throughout her career. ?Her long and self-sacrificing labours on behalf of the child came to a sudden end on the 6th of May, 1952. Maria was 82 years when she passed away. ?Her work lives on till today through the thousands of proud Montessorians all over the world who are continuing with her good work. Extracts From Maria Montessoris Last Will and Testament I declare that i t is my wish that Mario Montessori be the general executor of this my Will. ith regard to my property, I declare that this belongs both materially and spiritually, to my son: that is, to him belong by right not only the material goods of every kind or sort that I may eventually possess at any time of my life until the end; but to him belongs by right also, everything that may accrue from my social and intellectual works, either because they were inspired by him or because, from the time that he was able to act in the world, they were undertaken with his actual and constant collaboration, since he totally dedicated his life to helping me and my work. Therefore he is the sole heir to my work, and the only one qualified to be entrusted with the safekeeping and preservation of my work; and thus the legitimate and rightful successor to the work that I have embarked upon and that I hope he may continue and successfully complete, for the benefit of that humanity that together we have loved, finding in our shared ideals and actions the highest solace of our lives. So be it: and may his children bring him consolation; and may the world render him justice, according to his merits, which I know to be great and sublime. Revoking all preceding Wills, I declare this to be my last and only valid Will. I sign with my name. And so may friends and all those who benefit from my work, feel their debt toward my son! Question Fifteen: Try and find out what events and inventions took place in her life-time? The telephone and patent issues ?Bell filed an application to patent his speaking telephone in the United States on February 14, 1876, ? On June 3, 1880, Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first wireless telephone message on his newly invented photo phone. ?Bell believed the photo phone was his most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. ?Of the eighteen patents granted in Bells name alone, and the twelve he shared with his collaborators, four were for the photo phone. Colour Photography ?Was explored throughout the 1800s. Initial experiments in colour could not fix the photograph and prevent the colour from fading. ?The first permanent colour photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell. ?The first colour film, Auto chrome, did not reach the market until 1907 and was based on dyed dots of potato starch. Other systems of colour photography included that invented by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, which involved three separate monochrome exposures of a still scene through red, green, and blue filters. ?The first modern colour film, Kodachrome, was introduced in 1935 based on three colour emulsions. ?Most modern colour films, except Kodachrome, are based on technology developed for Agfa colour (as Agfacolor Neue) in 1936. ?Instan t colour film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963. Question Sixteen: Who were her contemporaries? A few of Maria Montessori’s contemporaries were Helen Keller (1880 – 1968) It was with a great deal of willpower and determination that Helen Keller became a world-famous speaker, author, lecturer and activist. ?She was an extraordinary lady because when she was 19 months old was struck by a fever that left her blind and deaf for the rest of her natural life. ?At the age of 7 she had invented over sixty different signs that she could use to communicate with her family. ?Graduated from Radcliffe, ?Gave many speeches on behalf of the physically handicapped and wrote several books ? Helen Keller made it her life’s mission to fight for the sensorially handicapped in the world Aletta Jacobs (1854 – 1929) Aletta Jacobs was the first woman in Dutch history to be officially admitted to university. ?This took place in 1871. As a schoolgirl she had written a letter to Prime Minister Thorbecke requesting permission to be allowed to attend â€Å"academic classes†. ?Aletta Jacobs’ dream was to become a doctor. ?Thorbecke answered within a week, but did not write to Aletta herself. Instead, he wrote to her father that permission had been granted. ?So, thanks to a seventeen-year-old girl, in 1871 universities in the Netherlands were opened to women. Prior to this time, universities and most schools as well, were only open to young men. It was with the exception that Anna Maria van Schurman, an educated woman (she had a command of no less than ten languages) who lived in the seventeenth century, had ever been allowed to attend any lectures (in Utrecht). However, she had had to sit behind a curtain so as not to cause a distraction for the young men. ?Throughout her life, she fought for the rights of women. ?As a doctor, for example, she opened a practice that assisted women with contraception so that they did not have to be pregnant every year. ?She also fought against the abuses of the retail trade. Aletta Jacobs also fought for the right to vote for women. ?It was only in 1919 that the right to vote for women was established. In 1922, Dutch women voted for the first time. Aletta Jacobs was 68 years old at the time. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884 – 1962) ?Was an American human rights activist, a diplomat and of course she was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s wife who was president from 1933-1945 making her, the longest serving First Lady of The United States Of America. ?Eleanor Roosevelt was active in the formations of numerous institutions most notably the United Nations, United Nations Association and Freedom House. She chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ?President Harry S. Truman called her ‘The First Lady of the world† in honour of her extensive travels to promote human rights. ?She travelled for President Roosevelt during World War II visit ing troops at the frontline. ?She was a first-wave feminist and an active supporter of the American Civil Rights movement. Amelia Earhart (1897 – 1937? ) ?A famous American aviator, known for breaking new ground for female pilots. She is remembered for her mysterious disappearance during a flight over the Pacific Ocean? While trying to fly around the world. ?She was the first American woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone. Alexander Graham Bell (3 March 1847 – 2 August 1922) ?He was a scientist, inventor and the founder of the Bell Telephone Company as the â€Å"Father of the telephone. ?In to his work in telecommunications technology, he was responsible for important advances in aviation and hydrofoil technology. Researched by Alana Jane Polyblank Information from Wikipedia and other sites on Maria Montessori